Lesson 4 (Samskrita Bharati: संस्कृतभारती)
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In this section let's try to learn few verbs. Simple selected Verb series introduces to you few simple verbs. The verbs pibati (पिबति), pibaami (पिबामि), pibasi (पिबसि) to start with. All of these words mean 'drinking'. While the sentence 'he is drinking' is translated with Sanskrit it would be saha pibati (सः पिबति). Saha (सः) mean 'he'. The verb pibati (पिबति) can be used with the third person singular forms. Saa pibati (सा पिबति) means 'she is drinking'. The word esha (एषः) and eshaa (एषा) also means 'he' and 'she'. We have explained the slight difference between these words in simple words section.
With the first person singular, I, the verb becomes pibaami (पिबामि). 'I am drinking' is aham pibaami (अहं पिबामि). With the second person singular, You, the verb becomes pibasi (पिबसि). 'You are drinking' is tvam pibasi (त्वं पिबसि). Now that you have noticed that with the difference forms of pronoun the verb changes.
Later in the grammar sections we explain in detail how the verb changes according to the different forms of the pronoun in the sentence. Similar to many other languages, in Sanskrit too, the grammatical person affects the verb conjugation.
Word Pronunciation Meaning (In that order)
With the first person singular, I, the verb becomes pibaami (पिबामि). 'I am drinking' is aham pibaami (अहं पिबामि). With the second person singular, You, the verb becomes pibasi (पिबसि). 'You are drinking' is tvam pibasi (त्वं पिबसि). Now that you have noticed that with the difference forms of pronoun the verb changes.
Later in the grammar sections we explain in detail how the verb changes according to the different forms of the pronoun in the sentence. Similar to many other languages, in Sanskrit too, the grammatical person affects the verb conjugation.
Word Pronunciation Meaning (In that order)
- पिबति Pibati Drinking (He/She)
- पिबामि Pibaami Drinking (I)
- पिबसि Pibasi Drinking (You)
- का पिबति? KaaPibati? (Who is drinking?
- अहं पिबामि। Ahampibaami. ( I am drinking)
- त्वं पिबसि। Tvampibasi. (You are drinking)
thvam (you) | yuvaam (you two) | yooyam (ye/you plural) |
aham (me/myself) | aavaam (we both) | vayam (we(/us) plural) |
kaha? -who | kow? -who (for two individuals) | ke? - who in plural |
kaa? - who(female) | ke?- who for two female individuals | kaaha? -who |
kim? -what | ke? - what for two things | kaani?- what |
Simple Interrogative Words: Who, When, Why, Where and How
We have learned few interrogative words like kaha (कः), ke (के), kaa (का), kaaha (काः), kim (किम्), kaani (कानि) in previous lesson. Kaha (कः) means 'who' in masculine form and kaa (का) means 'who' in feminine form. saha kaha? (सः कः)? means 'who is he?' and saa kaa? (सा का)? means 'who is she?'.The word kadaa (कदा) is another interrogative word which means 'when'. Let us use this word kadaa (कदा) in a simple sentence. Let us say, you would like to ask 'when does he go?'. That would be in Sanskrit saha kadaa gachchati? (सः कदा गच्छति)?.
We have learned in another lesson about how to tell the time in Sanskrit. To the question 'when does he go?', let us say, your answer would be 'he goes at 7 o'clock'. That would be in Sanskrit saha saptavaadane gachchati (सः सप्तवादने गच्छति).
Another interrogative word kimartham (किमर्थम्) means 'why'. The question 'why does he go there?' can be translated in Sanskrit in to saha kimartham tatra gachchati? (सः किमर्थं तत्र गच्छति)?
The word kutaha (कुतः) means 'from-where'. The question 'where did he come from?' can be asked using the word in Sanskrit, saha kutaha aagatavaan? (सः कुतः आगतवान्)?
Where as the word kutra (कुत्र) means 'where'. The question 'where did he go?' would in Sanskrit be, saha kutra gatavaan? (सः कुत्र गतवान्)?
Kati (कति) is an interrogative word as well, which means 'how much'. 'How much money do you have?' can be asked using Sanskrit words, 'bhavatha sameepe kati roopyakaani santi?' (भवतः समीपे कति रूप्यकाणि सन्ति?). Here the word bhavataha (भवतः) means 'your' in masculine form. The word sameepe (समीपे) alone would mean 'nearby'. The word roopyakaani (रूप्यकाणि) means 'money'. And the word santi (सन्ति) is plural form of asti (अस्ति).
Katham (कथम्) is another interrogative word which means 'how'. 'How are you?' can be asked bhavaan katham asti? (भवान् कथम् अस्ति)? in the masculine form and bhavatee katham asti? (भवती कथम् अस्ति)? in the feminine form.
Simple Pronoun: He, She, It and They
eshaha (एषः), saha (सः) , kaha (कः), eshaa (एषा), saa (सा), kaa (का).
Let us learn some simple words like eshaha (एषः), saha (सः), kaha (कः), eshaa (एषा), saa (सा), kaa (का).eshaha (एषः) means 'he' in English. Further, saha (सः) also means 'he'. We refer esha (एषः) to the person standing near by, where as saha (सः) is used when you are referring to a person standing away from you. Likewise, eshaa (एषा) and saa (सा), both of these words mean 'she' in feminine form.
kaha (कः) means who in masculine form and kaa (का) means who in feminine form.
Let us make few simple sentences using these simple words.
eshaha kaha? (एषः कः)?
As we know eshaha (एषः) means 'he' and kaha (कः) means 'who' the whole sentence esha kaha? (एषः कः)? reads 'who is he?' .
You might be wondering whether are we missing the helping verb 'is' in Sanskrit? In the sentence eshaha kaha? (एषः कः)? we do not need a helping verb in Sanskrit. You will learn in detail in later sections why do we not need a helping verb while constructing sentences like this in Sanskrit.
Likewise, saha kaha? (सः कः)? also means 'who is he?' We know that both saha (सः) and esha (एषः) refer to 'he'.
Let us say, you would like to say 'he is Alex'. That would be saha Alexaha (सः अलेक्षः) or that can also be eshaha alexaha. (एषः अलेक्षः)
Similarly, 'who is she?' is eshaa kaa (एषा का) or saa kaa (सा का)?
And when you say 'she is Reeta'. That can either be eshaa Reetaa (एषा रीटा) or saa Reetaa (सा रीटा).
ete (एते), te (ते), ke (के), etaaha (एताः), taaha (ताः), kaaha (काः)
Let us try to learn few more words ete (एते), te (ते), ke (के), etaaha (एताः), taaha (ताः), kaaha (काः) in this section.
The word ete (एते) means 'they'. However, when we use the word ete (एते), it is in masculine form. Similarly the word etaaha (एताः) means 'they' in feminine form.
ke (के) means 'who' that corresponds to the word ete (एते). Meaning, the word ke (के) can be used with the word ete (एते) while asking the question, ete ke? (एते के)?, which means 'who are they?'. Similarly, the word kaaha (काः) can be used with the word etaaha (एताः). The sentence etaaha kaaha? (एताः काः)? means 'who are they'. In fact, both sentences ete ke? (एते के)? and etaaha kaaha? (एताः काः)? means, 'who are they' but the former in the masculine form and the latter in feminine form. Moreover, the words ete (एते) and etaaha (एताः) are referred in the similar fashion as the words eshaha (एषः) and eshaa (एषा) but in plural forms.
Words te (ते) and taaha (ताः) also means 'they' in masculine and feminine forms respectively. And they follow similar fashion as words saha (सः) and saa (सा) but in the plural forms. Interrogative words ke (के) and kaaha (काः) can be used with te (ते) and taaha (ताः) in order to make questions, te ke (ते के)? or taaha kaaha (ताः काः)? meaning 'who are they?'
etat (एतत्), tat (तत्), kim (किम्), etaani (एतानि), taani (तानि), kaani (कानि)
Words etat (एतत्) and tat (तत्) means 'this' and 'that' respectively. Words etaani (एतानि) and taani (तानि) are the plural forms of the words etat (एतत्) and tat (तत्) in that order.Interrogative word kim (किम्) can be used either with etat (एतत्) or tat (तत्) in order to make the questions, etat kim? or tat kim? means 'what is this?' or 'what is that?' respectively. The word kim (किम्) means 'what'. The plural form of the word kim (किम्) is kaani (कानि). Hence, kaani (कानि) can be used along with the words etaani (एतानि) or taani (तानि) in order to make questions. The interrogative sentences etaani kaani? (एतानि कानि)? and taani kaani? (तानि कानि)? means 'what are these?' and 'what are those?' respectively.
